is jack daniels bourbon made in chinalenawee county police scanner

Jack Daniel's is a Tennessee whiskey, like George Dickel, because it has charcoal-filtered concentration before aging. This means that the mash has had some wet solids from a previous batch added to it to make the fermentation process work more consistently. Fletcher is the grandson of former Master Distiller, Frank Bobo. Copyright WhiskeyBon.com All Rights Reserved. Lynchburg, Tennessee is the site of a limestone iron-free spring, which Daniel purchased for just $2,148. Jack Daniel's Tennessee Whiskey is the world's best selling whiskey, with every drop distilled at the Jack Daniel Distillery in Lynchburg, Tennessee, America's oldest registered distillery, established in 1866. Brand: Jack Daniel Distillery Bottle size: 1L Alcohol Vol: 40% ABV Country: USA Palate: Jack Daniel's Tennessee Whiskey is made using a very old process of passing the newly distilled whiskey through 10 foot high mellowing vats packed with sugar maple charcoal.Jack Daniel's still insist on the same meticulous processes and draw water from the same natural underground cave in Lynchburg . While it is legal to distill the product within the county, it is illegal to purchase it there. Conclusion. Even when Brown Forman Corporation bought Jack Daniels for $20 million, the current owner of the whiskey brand did not change anything about the brand. Learn how your comment data is processed. Must have been aged in some special lead-lined barrels. The well-known fact that Jack Daniels is produced in a dry county may surprise you, but at the distillery tour, you can legally buy bottles of the brand. Jim beam bought by a japanese company. Then there's Jim . Made in United States of America (not Kentucky) 2. The spirit is filtered through 10 feet of sugar maple charcoal to . Order now! However, the changes in Tennessee liquor laws in 2018 finally allowed the sale of wine, beer, and liquor in liquor and grocery stores in some counties, including some wet areas in Moore. [8][6] By the 1880s, Jack Daniel's was one of 15 distilleries operating in Moore County, and the second-most productive behind Tom Eaton's Distillery. 1 more reason 2 drink Jack Daniels. Jack Daniel never married and did not have any known children. What is the most expensive bass guitar in the world? Cave (derived from the natural limestone) and Spring (derived from the natural water source) have an infinite water supply of pure spring water that services the local . This may come as a surprise to many, but the fact is that Jack Daniels bourbon is made in a small town called Lynchburg in China. $49.99. Bourbon must be aged at least 80 proof in order to be sold. [5] Calaway Daniel's father, Joseph "Job" Daniel, had emigrated from Wales to the United States with his Scottish wife, the former Elizabeth Calaway. For example, Markers Mark Bourbon is made in Loretto, Kentucky, while an hour drive away in Lawrenceburg, the Wild Turkey Distillery produce their range. Discover (and save!) Is Jack Daniel's made in China? Likewise, company advertisements continue to use Lynchburg's 1960s-era population figure of 361, though the city has since formed a consolidated city-county government with Moore County. It is produced in Lynchburg, Tennessee, by the Jack Daniel Distillery, which has been owned by the BrownForman Corporation since 1956. 1000 pieces (Min Order) CN Xuzhou Huajing Glass Products Co., Ltd. 9YRS. [41] The visitor center, dedicated in June 2000, contains memorabilia related to the distillery and a gift shop. But who taught Jack Daniel to make whiskey? There are many possible factors that will help us determine whether it is in fact bourbon. Green continued to work with Call after emancipation. China is a significant market for a number of popular brands, including Johnny Drum Bourbon from Kentucky Bourbon Distillers, Ltd. and Willett Pot Still Reserve from the Willett Distillery. [55][failed verification] However, a state law has provided one exception: a distillery may sell one commemorative product, regardless of county statutes. Slightly stronger than the original whiskey, this rye is bottled at 45 percent ABV (90 proof). ( be the first to review ) 208.88. His paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States in the late 18th century. Jack Daniel's is a Tennessee whiskey, so it absolutely is whiskey as well. Jim Beam Bourbon Whiskey, a whiskey produced in Clermont, Kentucky, by Beam Suntory, is an American brand. [46]), Prior to 2014, the company's barrels were produced by Brown-Forman in Louisville, Kentucky. Even though the ingredients and distillation process used to make Jack Daniels meet all of the criteria for being considered an American bourbon whiskey, it is not labeled as such. Turns out that Jack Daniels owners also produce. Last Updated on December 29, 2022 by Lydia Martin. If you are looking for the real thing, be sure to purchase Jack Daniels from a reputable source. Jack Daniels Canadian Club Absolut . The Jack Daniel Distillery in Lynchburg is situated in and around a hollow known as "Stillhouse Hollow" or "Jack Daniel's Hollow", where a spring flows from a cave at the base of a limestone cliff. Despite its lower proof and downer finish, the Ripy Brothers bourbon is a great value for the whiskey in its bottle and can be enjoyed as a great sipping whiskey or as a light beer. Many people believe that Jack Daniels is an American bourbon. Now, . Whiskey is a broad category that includes bourbon, while bourbon is . Answer: Every drop of Jack Daniel's Whiskey is made in Lynchburg, Tenn. The campaign, which is appearing in 100-plus markets, aims to capture the bold spirit of the founder, "Mr. Jack," and inspire people to do something they always wanted to do. There is a chance that Jack Daniels isnt made in the United States, but this makes it an interesting brand to consider. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); It could be that you are wondering whether you are in the right place. Even though the Distillery is now owned by Brown-Forman, part of the condition of the sale between Lem Motlow and Brown-Forman is that the entire Jack Daniel operation remain in Lynchburg, Tennessee. Moore County, where the Jack Daniel's distillery is located, is one of the state's many dry counties. Yes, Jack Daniels is made in a dry county. It maintains that the 1850 birth date seems impossible since his mother died in 1847. It only gets murky when people try to guess why Jack Daniel's is . Jack Daniels, however, is made in Tennessee and is the most popular American whiskey in the world. This is not a controversial point. The reason it is not called a bourbon is the additional step that Jack Daniels take when making their whiskey. The main difference between Tennessee whiskey and a bourbon is that Tennessee whiskey goes through one extra process after the whiskey has been distilled, and before it gets transferred in to barrels. This is a fairly common practice among American whiskey producers. As an FYI, I bought and use these Glencairn glasses for everything (theyre the best): Full transparency, this is an affiliate link, so I may earn a commission if you buy this or something else from Amazon. Customers can enjoy it as a cocktail, in addition to shots of it and Manhattans. You can start buying limited-edition 375ml bottles in Tennessee on July 1, 2022, at around $55 each. [10], Jack Daniel's had a surge in popularity after the whiskey received the gold medal for the finest whiskey at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. [25] More recently, in 2017, it ranked at number 16 on the IWSR's Real 100 Spirits Brands Worldwide list. Bourbon is the last true signature industry for this state, Fred Minnick, the author of Bourbon: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of American Whiskey, told CNBC. All Tennessee whiskey is classified as bourbon, since it is produced from grains that are at least 51% cornbut not all bourbon is Tennessee whiskey. How Jack Daniel's Tennessee Whiskey is made - BRANDMADE.TVFounded in 1875 in Lynchburg in the Commonwealth of Tennessee, Jack Daniel's is the best selling Am. "Jack Daniel is a Tennessee whiskey and it qualifies 100 percent as a bourbon," says Fletcher. [52], The company was the subject of a proposal to locally surtax its product in 2011. He soon took responsibility for the distillery's bookkeeping. Dan Call had previously made moonshine with a master distiller namedNathan Nearest Green, an enslaved African-American man. Jack Daniel representative Donna Willis told county officials in November that 14 barrelhouses would generate $1 million in property taxes for the county of 35,000 residents. When most people think of whiskey, they think of bourbon. Jack Daniels is still made in Jack Daniels distillery in Lynchburg, Tennessee. As another side note, Heaven Hill has been putting charcoal filtered on some of their bourbon labels for decades. If interested in music and guitars, then you are in the right place and will learn a lot. This classic whiskey can be enjoyed neat, on ice, or in cocktails. Bourbon was designated a distinct product of the United States by Congress concurrent with this resolution in 1964. 00 Bottle. So, if youre ever in the mood for a Jack Daniels bourbon, be sure to head to your local liquor store and grab a bottle made in China. Desserts such as these decadent whiskey-maple sundaes with bacon are also delicious made with bourbon or whiskey. Jack Daniels Old Number 7, or "JD" as we all know it. A bourbon must be distilled to a minimum of 160 proof, or 80% alcohol by volume, and must be aged in French oak barrels for at least five years. [24] Underlying net sales for the Jack Daniel's brand grew by 3% (1% on a reported basis). But, Brown-Forman Corp. produces and distributes alcoholic beverages like whiskey, scotch, tequila, vodka, liqueur, and wine [, other whiskeys similar to Jack Daniels here, Green Tea Shot Recipe: How To Make It (2023 Updated), Jim Beam Collector Bottles by Year & Price (2023 Updated), Michters American Whiskey Bottle Review (2023 Edition), What is in Tequila Rose Liqueur? And to quote our good friend Jeremy Clarkson: Apparently the term copyright infringement doesnt translate well into mandarin. The barrels used in the Jack Daniels whiskey aging process are shipped to Scotland later in order to be converted into Scotch Whiskey. 70 Cl Jack Daniels Whiskey Tennessee Honey Spirit Bottle Liquor Glass Bottle For Whiskey Bourbon Gin Liquor Bottle. Jack is quite a bit under that mark. Learn more about what defines "America's native spirit" and the difference between bourbon and whiskey below. The distillery tours are open daily from 9 am to 4 pm (CST), except for holidays like New Years Eve and Christmas Day. It is made in Tennessee, specifically Lynchburg. Discover our story of independence, our family of whiskeys, recipes, and our distillery in Lynchburg, Tennessee. Answer (1 of 6): While designations such as Tennessee Whiskey and Kentucky Bourbon have become matters of serious pride for denizens of those places, the actual legal definitions of those types of whiskey are surprisingly similar. I was originally just a Scotch drinker but now also absolutely love American whiskey too. In 1884, Daniel purchased the land where the distillery stands today. [33][34], Jeff Arnett, a company employee since 2001, became Master Distiller in 2008. Brown Forman Corporation, a Kentucky-based company, bought Jack Daniels at around $20 million in 1956. The United States export success may suffer as a result of the 25 percent tariffs on U.S. whiskeys. He took over the distillery shortly afterward when Call quit for religious reasons. To make Rum and Tabasco sauce from scratch, a variety of old whiskey barrels are used. [12][13], Daniel died in 1911 from blood poisoning. Quality & Craftsmanship since 1866.". According to research, Jack Daniels became the best-selling whiskey in the world in 2021. The next two areas are where the debate really begins. While it has ingredients similar to those found bourbon, it actually is Tennessee sour mash . Nathan Nearest Green, who was also known for teaching Jack Daniel, the creator of Jack Daniels Tennessee Whiskey, was the first African-American master distiller to be recognized in the United States. Taste: Tastes like child workers dreams and censorship Jack Daniels& Cola Can 375mL (10 pack) $49. Jack Daniels. It's a top-selling bottling from the Jack Daniel distillery in Lynchberg, Tennessee. [7][bettersourceneeded], Jack did not get along with his stepmother. Is Jack Daniels a whiskey or a bourbon? Full transparency, this is an Amazon affiliate link, so I may earn a commission if you buy this or something else from Amazon. What are the ingredients for Jack Daniels whiskey? Palate: A balance of subtle, sweet flavours like milk chocolate, red apple and vanilla. While it has ingredients similar to those found bourbon, it actually is Tennessee sour mash whiskey. Im not going to comment directly on whether what Jack Daniels says is correct or not. Tennessee Whiskey is distilled and bottled at the Jack Daniel Distillery, founded in 1866 as the oldest registered distillery in the United States. Finish: Fresh and floral after-taste that creates a rounded glow. . C.870, provision B.02.022.1", "Jack Daniel's opens Alabama barrel making facility", "Tennessee Whiskey Gets a Legal Definition", "Jack Daniel's Faces More Taxes From Cash-Strapped Hometown in Tennessee", "Jack Daniel's wins battle over whiskey barrel tax", "Tennessee Jurisdictions Allowing Liquor Sales", "Verify Age | Jack Daniel's Tennessee Whiskey", "Jack Daniel's Launches Single Barrel Rye", "Jack Daniel's announces $140M expansion", "How Frank Sinatra Really Met Jack Daniel's", "Motrhead's Lemmy Kilmister Talks Health, Smoking, Drinking and Death", Jack Daniel's Classy Book Cover Cease-And-Desist Letter For Patrick Wensink's 'Broken Piano For President', https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Daniel%27s&oldid=1139850327, Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee, Tourist attractions in Moore County, Tennessee, National Register of Historic Places in Moore County, Tennessee, Articles with dead external links from October 2015, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Articles with self-published sources from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with failed verification from March 2022, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Manufacturing and distillation of liquors, 16.1 million cases (38,300,000USgal or 144,900,000L) (2017). This whiskey is from Jack Daniels Old No. [56] Jack Daniel's now sells Gentleman Jack, Jack Daniel's Single Barrel, the original No. Jack Daniels was founded in 1875 by the late Jasper Newton Jack Daniel. [15] Motlow died the same year, bequeathing the distillery to his children, Robert, Reagor, Dan, Conner, and Mary, upon his death.[17]. From now on, you can visit where Makers is made. B ut the main flavor contribution for both is honey flavoring. Jack Daniels still uses its own distillery and the same mash bills and production process that Jack Daniel, its founder, had used before. Cheers, and thanks for reading! Statewide prohibition began in 1910 and Daniel passed away in 1911 from blood poisoning. Heze, Shandong Province, China +86 18605302958 +86 13375305168 +86-530-6201899 +86-530-5111778 [email protected] Twitter; Bourbon is a type of whiskey that needs to meet a few criteria to officially be called "bourbon." First, bourbon can only be made in America, and its grain bill must include at least 51 percent of corn. Jack Daniels was co-founded by Jasper Newton Jack Daniel in 1875 in Lynchburg, Tennessee. When one travels to China, there are many wonders to be seen, but none are dearer to a Jack Daniel's fan than its bastard brother, Jack Knight. Final Thoughts. The reason for this is because the water in Lynchburg is said to be very similar to the water in Tennessee, which is where Jack Daniels originally came from. Both the black and green label expressions are made from the same ingredients; the difference is determined by professional tasters, who decide which of the batches would be sold under the "premium" black label, with the rest being sold as "standard" green label. Jack Daniel's Master Distiller Series No.3 1L Select options; Jack Daniel's Master Distiller Series No.5 1L Select options; Jack Daniel's Old No.7 Select options; Jack Daniel's Red Dog Saloon 70cl Select options; Jack Daniel's Sinatra Select 1L Select options; Jack Daniel's Single Barrel 100 Proof Select options; Jack Daniel's . George Dickel Tennessee Whiskey is Tennessee whiskey (duh) and also bourbon. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 3. Although it contains some of the same ingredients as bourbon, it is actually Tennessee sour mash whiskey. From there Jack . While comparing rules is useful, what Brown Forman (the owner of Jack Daniels) does is the most telling of whether bourbon can also be charcoal filtered. [41], The distillery is a major tourist attraction, drawing more than a quarter of a million visitors annually. When one travels to China, there are many wonders to be seen, but none are dearer to a Jack Daniels fan than its bastard brother, Jack Knight. [clarification needed] Other brand variations, such as Tennessee Honey, Gentleman Jack, and Tennessee Fire, added another 2.9 million cases to sales. In addition, a number of local Chinese brands have begun to produce their own bourbon whiskies in recent years, giving Chinese consumers even more options to choose from. Jack Daniels is the world's top-selling American whiskey. However, there are many knockoff versions of the whiskey that are produced in China. Unfortunately, a proper review cant be found - perhaps brave drinkers somehow lost their . Jack Daniel's 1914 Gold Medal Bourbon Whiskey (1000ml) $550. She said adding air filters to barrelhouses, as residents demand, could degrade the flavor Jack Daniel's acquires through aging, and suggested residents manage the "nuisance" of whiskey fungus by "having it washed off." Whiskying A Whisky & Whiskey Lover Community. On May 13, 2013, Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam signed House Bill 1084, requiring the Lincoln County process to be used for products produced in the state labeling themselves as "Tennessee Whiskey", with a particular exception tailored to exempt Benjamin Prichard's, and including the existing requirements for bourbon. The company was later incorporated as "Jack Daniel Distillery, Lem Motlow, Prop., Inc.", allowing the company to continue to include Motlow in its tradition-oriented marketing. The Jack Daniel's brand is now owned by the Brown-Forman Corporation. Bourbon, or American barrel-aged corn whiskey, is in high demand not only in the Western world, but also in Asia. Comparatively, Jack has a little more sweet corn while Jim has a little more spicy rye. Jack Daniel's Old No 7 750ml Rp520.000 5.0 (4) Terjual 12. Ill get back to Jack Daniels in a moment. [21] A few years later, Advertising Age said in 2005 that "virtually no one noticed" the change, and confirmed that sales of the brand had actually increased since the dilution began.[22]. Sinatra Select: Tribute to Jack's biggest fan: Mr. Sinatra Century: Honors the 100th birthday of Frank Sinatra (100 proof / 50% ABV); Limited Edition, Single Barrel Rye: a permanent line extension and the brand's first fully matured rye whiskey, launched 2016 (94 proof/47% ABV), Single Barrel Select Eric Church Edition (94 proof/47% ABV), Bottled-In-Bond only on military bases (100 proof/50% ABV), Jack Daniel's is the alcoholic component of ", Jack Daniel's is also the alcoholic component of ", Jack Daniel's is a common choice for the Tennessee Whiskey component of the ", This page was last edited on 17 February 2023, at 05:59. [4] The company website says it is customary to celebrate his birthday in September. The Jack Daniels Small Batch Special Release Coy High Proof barrels have been batched together by profile, with unique batches at 143.6, 147.3, 149.8, 153.2, and 155.1 proof. There are also certain co. Suicide has become an option. 1 Old No.. 1. This same distillery now makes over 120 million bottles . As great as the reviews are of this whiskey, its definitely in the ultra-premium range of liquors. Bourbon Whiskey in China The "Honest" Spirit . your own Pins on Pinterest [15] The Alabama operation was halted following a similar statewide prohibition law in that state, and the St. Louis operation fell to the onset of nationwide prohibition following passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1920. It is produced in Lynchburg, Tennessee, by the Jack Daniel Distillery, which has been owned by the BrownForman Corporation since 1956. However, there is a big difference between the two. This whiskey brand is still American-owned because Brown Forman Corporation, a Kentucky-based company, acquired the distillery in 1956. The pictures below showcase the delightful concoction in its original capsule, and leave little to be said. Both bourbons are aged twice as long as required by law, making them the worlds best-selling bourbons. Johnny Drum Bourbon by Kentucky Bourbon Distillers, Ltd., and Willett Pot Still Reserve by the Willett Distillery are two of the most popular brands on the market. Brown Forman has stated, br>. In conclusion, Jack Daniels is not made in China. However, some bourbons, in some cases, are more expensive than Makers Mark. Tennessee went through a Prohibition law in 1909, where the production and selling of distilled spirits were banned. . Despite the operational distillery, which is a major tourist attraction, Lynchburgs home county of Moore is a dry county. Jack Daniels has a massive cult following throughout the United States, making it an iconic American symbol. So what's a bourbon anyway? The more contentious question is whether Jack Daniels is bourbon. [21][22] This reduction in alcohol content, which was done without any announcement, publicity or change of logo or packaging,[22] was noticed and condemned by Modern Drunkard Magazine, and the magazine formed a petition drive for drinkers who disagreed with the change. There has been much debate over the past few years as to whether or not Jack Daniels is actually made in China. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. When it comes to Jack Daniels bourbon, there is a lot of speculation about where it is actually made. Product from a fermented mash of 51% corn at least. It has a delicious flavor with hints of caramel, oak, banana, nuts, and crme anglaise and is considered a versatile spirit that can be enjoyed straight or with a variety of mixers. How to Choose the Right Guitar String Gauges? I'm a fan of the pleasures alcohol and tobacco provide, and happy to share some if it here with the Whiskying.com community. In the easy part, lets compare the rules that govern, While Tennessee Whiskey must be charcoal filtered before barreling (with one exception), from what I can find, bourbon. Beli Jack Daniels Terbaru Maret 2023 di Blibli dan Dapatkan Promo dan Diskon Termurah. [2022] - [The Whiskey Shelf] | All rights reserved. Yet while the whiskey and its eponymous founder have become dominant names in American . Jack Daniels is a Tennessee whiskey, so it absolutely is whiskey as well. 7 Tennessee Whiskey in Asia. Im not going to do down that path. Combine Jack Daniels and just enough Coke to make it a crisp bittersweet mixed drink for men that is known to put some bass in your voice. In 2012, a Welshman, Mark Evans, claimed to have discovered the original recipe for Daniel's whiskey,[19] in a book written in 1853 by his great-great-grandmother. America's most famous liquor started with humble beginnings, 150 years ago, in Lynchburg, Tennessee. jack daniel distillery lynchburg, tennessee. Squires receive a wallet card and deed certificate proclaiming them as "owner" of an unrecorded plot of land at the distillery and an honorary citizen of Moore County, Tennessee. Lynchburg Lemonade uses 1.5 ounces of the same whiskey combined with equal parts triple sec and fresh lemonade. Whiskey is just the broadest term for distilled grain that's aged in oak barrels, regardless of factors such as the grains used (e.g., corn, rye, wheat, barley, rice), where it's made, the barrels used, and more. But heres the thing, Jack Daniels being bourbon doesnt change anything or take away from Tennessee Whiskey. The simple answer is - Jack Daniels is a Tennessee Whiskey. According to the Wine and Spirit Education Trust, in order to be considered bourbon, the . But, And even when Jack Daniels was bought by a giant distilled spirit company in 1956, the Brown-Forman Corporation was still American-owned. In Prime Liquor's Bit-sized Alcohol knowledge series on our Instagram, you learned that the major difference between a Scotch Whiskey and a Bourbon Whiskey lies in where it is made.. Just a little recap: Scotch - Whiskey that is made in Scotland; Bourbon - Whiskey that is made in the United States of America; We all know the famous O' Jack Daniel's is made in America. Product Details. This spirit has an added filtration process when producing its whiskey products. Jack Daniel's Black Label Tennessee Whiskey is the best-selling whiskey in the world[23] and remains the flagship product of BrownForman Corporation. This article is about Jack Daniel's whiskey. This may come as a surprise to many, but the fact is that Jack Daniel's bourbon is made in a small town called Lynchburg in China. Both Crown Royal and Jack Daniel's are similarly priced. Because of prohibition in Tennessee, the company shifted its distilling operations to St Louis, Missouri, and Birmingham, Alabama. Regardless, there is some debate as to whether or not the whiskey is made in the United States. [6] The spring feeds into nearby East Fork Mulberry Creek, which is part of the Elk River watershed. Jack Daniels, however, is made in Tennessee and is the most popular American whiskey in the world. 40% ALC BY VOL. In failing health, Jack Daniel gave the distillery to Lem Motlow and another nephew in 1907. [30] Jack Daniel's also sponsors Zac Brown Band's tours. Jack Daniels is an authentic bourbon whiskey made from premium all-natural ingredients. Bourbons must be created in the USA, and 95% of these come from Kentucky, USA. The distillery began using square bottles in 1897, which were chosen to symbolise a sense of fairness and integrity. Bourbon whiskey is one of the worlds most popular types of spirits. Jack Daniels China (495 products available) 1/6. In fact, Tennessee Whiskey is technically a type of bourbon. So up to this point, bourbon and Tennessee whiskey have the same requirements. Shortly after the distillery was established, Dan Call quit the business for religious reasons. After Daniel's father died in the Civil War, the boy ran away from home and was essentially orphaned at a young age. Read: Is Jack Daniels Bourbon or Whiskey? The term bourbon refers to whiskey, but it is not the same as bourbon. Cocktail mixers tend to use rye rather than bourbon in classic American whiskey-based drinks. The answer is that Jack Daniels is a whiskey and not a bourbon because it is made with a unique process that includes filtering the liquor through sugar maple charcoal.

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